Introduction to criminal justice Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Introduction to criminal justice - Assignment Example The extrajudicial measures stipulated by the Act have significantly decreased incidents through which the offending youth are charged. The measures, which include police cautions, referrals, crown cautions, taking no further action by the police and extrajudicial sanctions, are presumed to be sufficient to hold nonviolent and first-time offenders accountable for their actions. However, the presumption was ill-adviced, as shown by the lack of effectiveness on most of the first time offenders as well as the youth who participated in serious crimes. For example, a 2013 poll has shown that among the youth who committed violent crimes in 2011 and were given lenient judgments through extrajudicial means, 60 percent have already re-offended, which is only within a period of two years. For such serious youth crimes, prison sentences have declined by 25 percent within the same two year period. Before enacting the YCJA in 2003, the rate of youth incarceration in Canada was among the highest in the Western countries. It was characteristic of youth sentences not being proportionate to the degree of seriousness of the committed crime. Custody was a common sentence even in cases not considered to be serious, and the youth courts handed very invasive sentences for minor crimes in a bid to address social and psychological needs. However, the YCJA reserves custody sentences for violent and repeat offenders as well as those who did not comply with optional sentences. This has given plenty of room for the increase of first-time offenders who often go free. Question Two As a crime prevention initiative, sentencing aims to contribute towards maintaining a safe, peaceful and just society as well as respecting the law. With an emphasis on the future conduct, rehabilitative sentencing principles are oriented towards curing offending persons of the causes that led them to crime. On the other hand, retributive principles have their focus on the past conduct of the offending persons, mak ing them pay for their crimes. Unlike rehabilitative measures which promote responsibility among offenders and an acknowledgment of the damage done, retributive principles also place a lot of emphasis on expressing the disproval of the society regarding crime. In the past two decades, sentencing in Canada has shifted from rehabilitative to retributive principles because of the emphasis of the criminal justice system’s emphasis on crime prevention. In 1997, the criminal justice system, as well as people who participated in a poll, supported alternative sentencing, community service and rehabilitation services rather than prison and heavy fines. However, after the turn of the millennium and in keeping with the provisions of section 718(b) of deterring offenders and potential offenders from participating in crime, there was a shift. The retributive principles were believed to send messages of severe punishment for crime. For example, the sentence for using a firearm while commit ting a crime increased from 10 years in 1999 to 25 years in 2001. In the same period, a life sentence for a violent offence was handed at the second conviction, down from the third one. That was a time when the criminal code had 29 offences that triggered the mandatory minimum sentence, whereas six years earlier there were only 19. With the increasing popularity of the mandatory minimum sentence among politicians, many private bills have been enacted with the belief that harsh penalties are effective

Motherhood no longer fitting in the schedule Essay Example for Free

Motherhood no longer fitting in the schedule Essay The younger generation of women are more highly educated than ever before and will continue to postpone child bearing until they are certain they have established a stable career and lifestyle. Another cause of this delay is the difficulty of balancing home life with work life. For too many Australians the choice to have children weighs heavily. When many people check their savings account, it is quite rational for them to delay or decide against having children. Unfortunately, increasing numbers of women put off having children and wait for a better time that simply never comes. The average age at which Australian women have their first child is now 29. This is because women come closest to equality with men when they do not have family responsibilities. As more and more women postpone having children, pursue education and improve their employment prospects, those who have their children young, and who have a lower socioeconomic background, tend to fall behind both socially and economically. So many women find themselves stuck. Having a career makes it harder to have children, but having children makes it increasingly necessary to have a career for support. Therefore it is not always women deciding not to have children, but it seems as though the decision has already been made. If women are provided with opportunities equivalent to men but these opportunities are severely limited by having children then women almost have no choice but to restrict the number of children they have. However this is not always the case. There are a small percentage of women who choose not to ever have children. These women want the benefits of stability in community life and financial independence, but at the same time are unwilling to pay the cost of giving up any degree of personal freedom. It may seem selfish, but who wouldnt? A modern womans desire for a successful career is simply a case of choosing luxury apartments and designer shoes over changing nappies. For many women, children do not quite fit in the image of the cosmopolitan lifestyle they wish to lead. They would prefer freedom, fun, independence, time and money rather than responsibility, restrictions, stress, worry, financial struggles and chaos. Ok, maybe in reality it isnt that black and white. Love is the only main advantage of having children but who can guarantee that that will always be the case? Is an uncertain love really worth it? For me, I dont know if Ill ever feel the joy of holding my own baby in my arms. Im sure most women had a similar opinion at one stage. For many women who decide not to ever have children, motherhood is viewed as a burden rather than an experience of personal fulfillment. Another significant factor of the reduction of the birth rate is the breakdown of long term relationships. Most women still want children in marriage, but with divorce rates so high and children being put off until later in life, relationships often end before the kids come along. No matter how happily married, statistically speaking, a woman still faces a greater than 40% chance of ending up a single parent. Many women who would like to have children may possibly not have yet found a suitable partner, further delaying childbirth. Now Australia must face the issue of increasing the birth rate once again. Demographers now realise that the accelerating trend in fertility decline is not a temporary phase but an indication of a long-term change. Most Australian women do want children but find it too difficult to balance family life and work. Conservatives will ask women to give up work to satisfy their notion of what is an ideal life. In my opinion, Australias birth rate is not about telling women to go back in to the kitchen. Promoting a better balance between work and family life, with some flexibility for all employees can be achieved without compromising productivity. The population debate in Australia must start by focusing on the family. A good family policy, particularly a better balance between the demands of work and child bearing responsibilities, will ultimately provide the start of a better future.

Thoughts on Organization :: Writing Education Essays

Thoughts on Organization "We learned about thesis and antithesis and five paragraphs and the whole bit, and learned to do it faster and faster. We repeated it in just the same way you throw basketballs at hoops over and over until you're good at it....All this indicated that I was a 'good writer' and I and teachers both probably believed I really was, and strictly because of this motor skill they'd trained me in." Dave wrote that in an e-mail discussion about theme writing. It made me wonder what the actual guidelines were for the so-called "Official Style," and what, if anything, was wrong with its formula. After all, this is what Universities demanded of us on a quarterly basis. If the scholars and the academe found it to be the standard, what could be wrong with it? I had done it, been good at it. I could turn out one of the "official" papers in a two hour time frame and get an "A". Big deal. Didn't that make me a good writer? What else is there? So I read Strunk and White's version of The Elements of Sty le to find out exactly what I had been doing while fulfilling assignment after assignment. Not that the subject matter was all that entertaining, but couldn't they have spruced up their writing with a little creativity, a little humor? I was so bored, I had a hard time wanting to pick the book up once it had fallen from my bored hands. Ah Ha! I do believe I had inadvertently stumbled upon the result of "Official Style" writing. It stifled the creative, humorous, and personal tendencies that I, and most creatively-intended people, personally look for in a piece of work we would like to tag as interesting. My thoughts then wandered to what the non-official style would set for writing guidelines. Would it be a writing revolution? Would it swim circles around Strunk or would it merely allow more flexibility while still holding Strunk's words as truth? Would I find out that what I had previously written and considered a brilliant paper was actually a regurgatation of someone else's work. And worst of all, would it be as boring as Strunk? Naturally I knew I would find my answer on MCMorg's homepage and bookshelf. So I dug around a little in Aristotle, Finnegan's Wake , Nevin Liab, and our previous reading assignments.

french politics :: essays research papers

Louis was dignified and imposing with charming manners, but he was also hard working, patient and self-disciplined with an iron physical constitution. He maintained a strict routine of official business, every day. Short of height, he was of modest intelligence (not much helped by his upbringing undertaken largely by his servants) and lacking of a sense of humor. Possessed of a colossal pride, he loved grandeur, glory, military reviews and petty details (uniforms, equipment, drill). Louis was the epitome of the absolute monarch and embodied the idea of divine right monarchy. As God's representative on earth, he felt that he was due respect and that his word was law; he was responsible to God alone. As an absolute monarch, Louis XIV wielded unlimited authority with all decisions made by him; however, it was not despotism nor arbitrary power, as kings still had to justify their actions to churchmen, entrepreneurs and nobles. Having taken the reigns of government, Louis now had to contend with the nobility, church, bureaucracy and the rest of Europe to achieve his idea of France. The chief opposition to the central monarchy was the French, feudal nobility. The king continued the process of destroying the nobility as a class by increasing the use of commoners to run the state and by establishing Versailles as a seventeenth-century "Disneyland" to keep the nobility occupied with non-political amusements after the court moved there in 6 May 1682. To solidify support from the church, Louis acted in a highly favorable manner. In 1685, the L'Edit de Fountainbleau revoked the Edict of Nantes, and Huguenots, forbidden to practice, left France in droves. On one hand, this created religious unity within France and secured the friendship of the church, but, on the other hand, it aroused the implacable hatred of Protestant states and deprived France of some of its most industrious citizens. To create a more responsive and effective bureaucracy, Louis instituted new administrative methods to strengthen his control. Weekly ministerial conferences Continuity in the top four ministries (finance, army, navy, public works), only sixteen ministers in fifty-four years of his personal reign Ministers chosen by ability not birth Intendants continued to rule the 36 generalità ©s (provinces)--but they never served where they were born Financial reform of taxes Colbert, as controller general, worked to improve the French economy through a policy called mercantilism--state intervention to create a self-sustaining economy. Colbert used an aggressive tariff policy to manipulate the import of raw materials and the export of manufactured goods to improve the balance of payments. french politics :: essays research papers Louis was dignified and imposing with charming manners, but he was also hard working, patient and self-disciplined with an iron physical constitution. He maintained a strict routine of official business, every day. Short of height, he was of modest intelligence (not much helped by his upbringing undertaken largely by his servants) and lacking of a sense of humor. Possessed of a colossal pride, he loved grandeur, glory, military reviews and petty details (uniforms, equipment, drill). Louis was the epitome of the absolute monarch and embodied the idea of divine right monarchy. As God's representative on earth, he felt that he was due respect and that his word was law; he was responsible to God alone. As an absolute monarch, Louis XIV wielded unlimited authority with all decisions made by him; however, it was not despotism nor arbitrary power, as kings still had to justify their actions to churchmen, entrepreneurs and nobles. Having taken the reigns of government, Louis now had to contend with the nobility, church, bureaucracy and the rest of Europe to achieve his idea of France. The chief opposition to the central monarchy was the French, feudal nobility. The king continued the process of destroying the nobility as a class by increasing the use of commoners to run the state and by establishing Versailles as a seventeenth-century "Disneyland" to keep the nobility occupied with non-political amusements after the court moved there in 6 May 1682. To solidify support from the church, Louis acted in a highly favorable manner. In 1685, the L'Edit de Fountainbleau revoked the Edict of Nantes, and Huguenots, forbidden to practice, left France in droves. On one hand, this created religious unity within France and secured the friendship of the church, but, on the other hand, it aroused the implacable hatred of Protestant states and deprived France of some of its most industrious citizens. To create a more responsive and effective bureaucracy, Louis instituted new administrative methods to strengthen his control. Weekly ministerial conferences Continuity in the top four ministries (finance, army, navy, public works), only sixteen ministers in fifty-four years of his personal reign Ministers chosen by ability not birth Intendants continued to rule the 36 generalità ©s (provinces)--but they never served where they were born Financial reform of taxes Colbert, as controller general, worked to improve the French economy through a policy called mercantilism--state intervention to create a self-sustaining economy. Colbert used an aggressive tariff policy to manipulate the import of raw materials and the export of manufactured goods to improve the balance of payments.

Airport ownership

Airport as being fully privately owned enterprise is very important problem. There were a lot of conferences, dedicated to this problem, which tried to examine and study experience of world practice of privatizing and shareholding of airports as one of means to increase effectiveness of work in conditions of market relations.Some countries cannot make airports being fully privately owned enterprises because they don’t have legal securing in governmental property of usage airports.Absences of legalized documents which give right of management by governmental property don’t give opportunity to attract foreign investors, limit development of non-aviation activity, and create a lot of other problems. So, holding such conferences is a good opportunity to determine conditions of reforms in civil aviation and to analyze development of business in airports.Nowadays integration processes and economic reforms which take place in Europe create qualitative new situation in the fiel d of air transport. In these conditions coordination of efforts in the country, forming of legal regulations and regulation of activity of aircraft companies, airports and other organizations of this field, directed at guaranteeing of safety flights and protection of customers’ interests is very important.During last dozen of years more then one hundred of governmental aircraft enterprises and airports were made fully privately owned enterprises in Russia – it is more then in countries of Europe, USA and Canada. In the United States the attempts to privatize airports are more successful working with small airports (Robert Poole and Adrian Moore p.2)There was a possibility to rent an airport a little bit earlier. Actually, anybody was able to rent an airport, runway, avian stations, etc – anybody who paid more. Airport didn’t have any advantage during that rent. The tasks of leaser, which doesn’t care of airport’s problems, are easy to unders tand: to get higher profit from lease. And nobody knows how the leaser will take care of that leased property.Aircraft Company, on the contrary, is interested in maintenance of that property on necessary level, because it gets main funds from take-off and landing. (Robert W. Poole p.3)We came to conclusion also that making airport fully privately owned enterprise shouldn’t be made by impulse. It takes years in the European countries to get all permissions to make airport privately owned.Some aircraft companies consider purchase of airports to be very profitable. For example, â€Å"Austrian Airlines† pans to buy airport of Bratislava (Slovakia). The matter it that Bratislava’s airport is located 20 km from Vienna and Austrians want to use this airport as dispersal field. Besides, Slovakia enters European Union and quantity of flight to Bratislava can be increased. Austrians hope to become the main airline not only in Austria, but in neighbor Slovakia.Indian gover nment also decided to give â€Å"green light† to make two biggest governmental airports fully privately owned enterprises, which are located in administrative capital of country New Delhi and financial capital Mumbai (the city, which was known as Bombay).The minister of civil Aviation Rajiv Pratap Rudy announced in September 11, 2003 that cabinet of ministers adopted plans to sell 74 percent share holdings of both airports to private enterprises. Within eight months government will prepare to auction and to finish receiving of applications (Reuters agency p.1).Airports will be transformed in two separate companies, with partial participation of government. Accordingly, the companies will be made privately owned separately, with help of auctions. Airports Authority of India, AAI – governmental department, which controls 130 airports in the whole territory of country, will keep 26 percent share holding as well as functions of safety and management of air movement. In suc h a way the airports will have opportunity to become huge international junctions and to start compete actively with other airports of regions, as well as between themselves.

NaNoWriMo 2019 How to FINALLY Write Your 30-Day Novel

NaNoWriMo 2019 How to FINALLY Write Your 30-Day Novel 30 Days, 41 Tips: How to Win NaNoWriMo 2018 Another November, another chance to break a lifetime of bad habits and write that novel you always knew was inside you. For those out of the loop,  National Novel Writing Month  (or NaNoWriMo) is an annual competition where writers must write a 50,000-word novel in 30 days (hence, the name).It sounds intense, but  thousands of writers take part in each year. Not only like, but many of the drafts writing during NaNoWriMo over the years have turned into bestsellers - like Hugh Howey's Wool and  Sara Gruen's Water for Elephants.Whether you're a  NaNo  virgin or a  WriMo  veteran, you can always do with a helping hand and some top advice. To help you with this year's competition here are 41 Top NaNoWriMo tips from authors and editors:Are you a NaNoWriMo veteran? If you have any advice for writers about to take part in the competition, please share it in the comments below.

English 102 Essays

English 102 Essays English 102 Essay English 102 Essay Essay Topic: Communist Manifesto Kathleen Ahlgrim HST 142-001 March 15, 2010 Communist Manifesto 1. Two things gave the manifesto its force: first its vision and second its recognition of the necessary long term historical tendencies of capitalist development. 2. Karl Marx (1818-1883) Born in Trier, Prussia, Marx was a German philosopher, economist and sociologist. Marx was the principle author of the Communist Manifesto and also his ideas created the foundation of modern communism. Frederick Engels (1820-1895) Born in Barmen, Prussia, Engels was social scientist, author, political theorist and philosopher. Engels edited and assisted Marx on the Communist Manifesto. The Communist Manifesto was written in 1847 as a commissioned piece on the behalf of a group of radical workers call the Communist League, who met in London. The content was meant to spread information about the communist movement. It was a piece written for a particular moment in history, but became less useful because of the change in language and the historical point of which is written. 3. 3. Bourgeoisie is the upper middle class of society. They also tended to be the business owners. the epoch of the bourgeoisie, possess, however, this distinctive feature: it has simplified the class antagonisms. (pg 35) the bourgeoisie historically played a most revolutionary part. (pg37) Proletariats were the workers; The Industrial Revolution created a group of workers who were living in poverty and under terrible working conditions. They had little or no political representation. Of all the classes that stand face to face with the bourgeoisie today, the proletariat alone is a really revolutionary classâ„ ¢ (pg 21) it is coming into being in Germany only as a result of the rising industrial developmentâ„ ¢ (pg 23) 4. 5. New methods of production diminishes the worth of handicraft because of the new means of production (44) The bourgeoiese unfit any longer to b a ruling class because incompetent to assure existence to it slave ( 50) 6. Communism is already acknowledge by all European powers to be itself a power ( pg33)